quraarad kulul

Muraayada kuleylka leh/Muraayadaha la xoojiyay waa muraayadda badbaadada.Muraayadaha kulul ayaa dhab ahaantii ah nooc ka mid ah muraayadaha hore loo saaray.Si loo hagaajiyo xoogga muraayadda, hababka kiimikaad ama jireed waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo cadaadis cadaadis dusha sare ee muraayadda.Marka muraayadda lagu soo rogo xoog dibadeed, waxay marka hore ka saartaa walbahaarka dusha sare, taas oo hagaajinaysa awoodda wax-qabadka iyo kor u qaadida caabbinta muraayadda lafteeda.Cadaadiska dabaysha, qabow iyo kulaylka, saamaynta, iwm. Fiiro gaar ah u yeelo si aad uga soocdo fiber-ka galaaska ee balaastigga ah ee la xoojiyay.
caws
Muraayadu waa walxo aan bir ahayn oo aan dabiici ahayn, oo guud ahaan laga sameeyay noocyo kala duwan oo macdan ah (sida quartz sand, borax, boric acid, barite, barium carbonate, limestone, feldspar, ash soda, iwm.) ee.Qaybaheeda ugu muhiimsan waa silica iyo oxides kale.Halabuurka kiimikada muraayadda caadiga ah waa Na2SiO3, CaSiO3, SiO2 ama Na2O·CaO · 6SiO2, iwm.Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhismayaasha si loo xakameeyo dabaysha iyo iftiinka, waxayna ka tirsan tahay isku dhafka.Waxa kale oo jira galaas midabaysan oo lagu qaso oksaydh ama cusbo biraha qaarkood si ay u muujiyaan midabka, iyo muraayadaha dabcay ee lagu helo hababka jidhka ama kiimikaad.Caagagga hufan sida polymethyl methacrylate ayaa mararka qaarkood loogu yeeraa muraayadaha hababka wax soo saarka beeraha.
prestress
Awoodda ka-hortagga waa cadaadiska cadaadiska ee horay loogu dabaqay qaab-dhismeedka inta lagu jiro dhismaha si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka adeegga qaab-dhismeedka.Inta lagu jiro xilliga adeegga ee qaab-dhismeedka, diiqada hore waxay si buuxda ama qayb ahaan u baabi'in kartaa culeyska xajinta ee ay keento culeyska kana fogaato burburka dhismaha.Caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo qaab-dhismeedka shubka, waa in horay loo mariyo cadaadiska qaab-dhismeedka shubka ka hor intaysan qaadin culeyska, si xoogga gudaha ee shubka ee aagga xajinta marka culeyska dibadda uu u dhaqmo si uu u dhaliyo cadaadis cadaadis, si loo yareeyo ama loo yareeyo walbahaarka adag ee uu keeno culayska dibadda, si qaab-dhismeedku aanu u dillaacin ama u dillaacin wakhti dambe iyadoo la isticmaalayo caadi ahaan.