Halabuurka dhalada

Muraayadaha caadiga ah waxay ka samaysan yihiin dambaska soodhaha, dhagax nuurad, quartz iyo feldspar oo ah alaabta ceeriin ee ugu muhiimsan.Ka dib marka la isku daro, waa la dhalaaliyaa, la caddeeyaa oo isku mid ah foornada dhalada ah, ka dibna loo farsameeyo qaab.Dhalada dhalaalaysa ayaa lagu shubaa dusha dareeraha daasadaha si ay u sabeeyaan oo u samaysmaan, ka dibna loo maro daawaynta sunta.Oo hel alaabta dhalada ah.
Halabuurka muraayadaha kala duwan:
(1) Muraayadaha caadiga ah (Na2SiO3, CaSiO3, SiO2 ama Na2O·CaO·6SiO2)
(2) galaaska Quartz (galaas ka samaysan quartz saafi ah oo ah alaabta ceeriin ee ugu weyn, ka kooban yahay kaliya SiO2)
(3) Dhalo kulul (la mid ah muraayadda caadiga ah)
(4) galaas Potassium (K2O, CaO, SiO2)
(5) Dhalada borate (SiO2, B2O3)
(6) Muraayadaha midabka leh (ku dar qaar ka mid ah oksaydhyada biraha ah ee habka wax soo saarka dhalada ee caadiga ah. ; colloidal Ag——jaalle)
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(8) Muraayadaha indhaha (ku dar qadar yar oo ah walxaha xasaasiga ah ee iftiinka leh, sida AgCl, AgBr, iwm., alaabta ceeriin ee borosilicate ee caadiga ah, ka dibna ku dar qadar aad u yar oo dareenka ah, sida CuO, iwm. si muraayadda looga dhigo mid adkaysi u leh iftiinka.
(9) Dhalo qaansoroobaad (lagu sameeyay iyadoo lagu darayo qadar badan oo fluoride ah, xaddi yar oo ah dareenka iyo bromide alaabta ceeriin ee caadiga ah)
(10) Muraayadaha ilaalinta (qalabka caawinta ku habboon ayaa lagu daraa habka wax soo saarka caadiga ah, si ay u leedahay shaqada ka hortagga iftiinka xooggan, kulaylka xooggan ama shucaaca ka soo gala iyo ilaalinta badbaadada shakhsi ahaaneed, tusaale ahaan, gray-dichromate, birta oxide waxay nuugtaa. fallaadhaha ultraviolet Iyo qayb ka mid ah iftiinka muuqda; buluug-cagaaran-nickel oksaydhka iyo ferrous oxide waxay nuugaan infrared iyo qayb ka mid ah iftiinka muuqda; galaaska rasaasta-lead oxide waxay nuugtaa raajooyinka iyo ray-rays; Ultraviolet, infrared iyo iftiinka ugu muuqda; cadmium oxide iyo boron oxide ayaa lagu daray si ay u nuugaan qulqulka neutronka.
(11) Dhalooyinka-ceramics (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno galaas crystallized ama ceramics galaas, waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo lagu darayo dahab, qalin, naxaas iyo nuclei kale oo crystal ah galaas caadi ah, halkii ayama iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah, loo isticmaalo sida radomes iyo madax gantaalaha, iwm.) .